by Matthew Fountaine Maury
Note: In the reference this is called Explanations and Sailing Directions, in my view erroneously; the Sailing Directions were published in 1848, five years before the conference described in Chapter XX below. The reference gives the publication date 1858, which is the publication date of The Physical Geography of the Sea. It is also evident that the material covered here is much too extensive to be contained in what has been described as a "pamphlet."
Investigations should be extended to the Land, § 1.-The field of Research, § 2.-Some of the practical advantages already obtained for Navigation, § 3.-Their importance to other Nations, § 4.
The Circulation of the Atmosphere, Plate III, § 7.-Southeast Trade-wind Region the larger, § 13.-The Offices of the Atmosphere, § 14.-It is a powerful Machine, § 17.-Whence come the Rains that feed the great Rivers ? § 19.-How vapor passes from one Hemisphere to the other, § 20.-Evaporation greatest about Latitude 17°-20°, § 24.-The Rainy Seasons, § 28.-Rainless Regions, § 30.-Why Mountains have a dry and a rainy Side, § 31.-The immense Fall of Rain upon the Western Ghauts in India: how caused, § 33.-Vapor for the Patagonia Rains comes from the North Pacific, § 34.-The mean annual Fall of Rain, § 35.-Evaporation from the Indian Ocean, § 36.-Evidences of Design, § 37.-Adaptations, § 38.
Where found, § 40.-Tallies on the Wind, § 41.-Where taken up, § 42.-Information derived from Sea Dust, § 43.-Its bearings upon the theory of Atmospherical Circulation, § 44.-Suggests an un-recognized agency, § 45.
Plate XVIII, § 46.-Monsoons, § 47.-Why the belt of Southeast is broader than the Belt of Northeast Trade-winds, 48.-Effect of Deserts upon the Trade-winds, § 49.-At Sea the Laws of Atmospherical Circulation are better developed, § 50.-RAIN WINDS, § 51.-Precipitation on Land greater than evaporation, § 52.-The place of Supply for the Vapors that feed the Amazon with Rains, § 53.-MONSOONS: How formed, § 54.-Monsoons of the Indian Ocean, § 55.-How caused, § 56.-How the Monsoon Season may be known, § 57.-Why there are no extensive Monsoons from the Northward in the Southern Hemisphere, § 59.-Why the Trade-wind Zones are not stationary, § 60.-THE CALM § 61.-HORSE LATITUDES, § 62.-THE WESTERLY WINDS, § 63.
To appreciate the offices of the Wind and Waves, Nature must be regarded as a whole, § 64.-The Dead Sea, § 65.-The Effect produced by the Upheaval of Mountains across the course of vapor-bearing Winds, § 67.-Effect of the Andes upon vapor-bearing Winds, § 69.-Geological Age of the Andes and Dead Sea compared, § 70.-Rain and Evaporation in the Mediterranean, 71.-Evaporation and Precipitation in the Caspian Sea equal, § 72.-The Quantity of Moisture the Atmosphere keeps in Circulation, § 73.-Where Vapor for the Rain that feed the Nile comes from, § 74.-Lake Titicaca, § 75.
Equatorial Doldrums, § 76.-The Offices performed by Clouds in the terrestrial Economy, § 78.-The Barometer and Thermometer under the Cloud-ring, § 79.-How its Vapors are brought by the Trade-Winds, § 81.-Breadth of the Cloud-ring, § 82.-How it would appear if seen from one of the Planets, § 83.-Observations at Sea interesting, § 84.
What the Salt in Sea Water has to do with Currents, § 85. Coral Islands, § 87.-What would be the Effect of no System of Circulation for Sea Water ? § 88.-Its Components, § 89.-The principal Agents from which Dynamical Force in the Sea is derived, § 90.-Sea and Fresh Water have different Laws of Expansion, § 95.-The Gulf Stream could not exist in a Sea of Fresh Water, § 96.-The Effect of Evaporation in producing Currents, § 97.-How the Polar Sea is supplied with Salt, § 101.-The Influence of under Currents upon open Water in the Frozen Ocean, § 102.-The Influence exerted by Shell-fish upon Currents, § 103.-They assist in regulating Climates, § 104.-How Sea Shells and Salts act as Compensations in the Machinery by which Oceanic Circulation is conducted, § 105.-Whence come the Salts of the Sea ? § 105, Page 74.
Governed by Laws, § 107.-The Inhabitants of the Sea the Creatures of Climate, § 108.-First Principles, § 109.-Currents of the Red Sea, § 110.-How an under current from it is generated, § 111.-Why the Red Sea is not salting up, § 112.-MEDITERRANEAN CURRENT, § 113.-CURRENTS OF THE INDIAN OCEAN, § 114.-A Gulf Stream along the Coast of China, § 115.-Points of Resemblance between it and the Gulf Stream of the Atlantic, § 116.-Geographical Features unfavorable to large Icebergs in the North Pacific, § 117.-Arguments in favor of return Currents, because the Sea Water is salt, § 118.-CURRENTS OF THE PACIFIC, § 119.-Discovery of an immense Body of Warm Water drifting South, § 120.-Currents about the Equator, § 121.-UNDER CURRENTS: Proof of, afforded deep Sea Soundings, § 122.-Currents caused by Changes in Specific Gravity of Sea Water, § 123.- CURRENTS OF THE ATLANTIC, § 124.-The Cap St. Roque Current not a constant Current, § 125.
Its color, § 126.-The Sargasso Sea, § 129.-Galvanic Properties of Gulf Stream Waters, § 130.-Agents that make Water in one part of the Sea heavier than in another, § 132.-Temperature of the Gulf Stream, § 136.-Why the Drift Matter of the Gulf Stream is sloughed off to the right of its Course, § 138.-Currents run along arcs of Great Circles, § 142.-The Force derived from Changes of Temperature, § 143.-Limits of the Gulf Stream for March and September, § 144.-A Cushion of Cold Water between the Bottom of the Sea and the Waters of the Gulf Stream, § 145.-It runs up hill, § 146.
The Sea a Part of a Grand Machine, § 148.-Influence of the Gulf Stream upon the Meteorology of the Sea, § 149.-Dampness of Climate of England due to it, § 150.-The Pole of Maximum Cold, § 151.-Gales of the Gulf Stream, § 152.-Influence of the Gulf Stream upon Commerce and Navigation, § 153.-Thermal Navigation, § 154.
State of our Knowledge concerning the Depths of the Sea when these researches commenced, § 155.-Results of former Methods of Deep-sea Soundings not entitled to Confidence, § 156.-The deepest Soundings reported, § 157.-Plan adopted in the Navy, § 158.-Why the Sounding-twine will not stop running out when the Plummet reaches Bottom § 159.-Indications of Under Currents, § 160.-Soundings to be made from a Boat, § 161.-Brooke's Deep-sea Sounding, Apparatus, § 162.-Deep-sea Temperature, § 163.-Rate of Descent, § 164.-Deep-sea Soundings in the United States Steamer Arctic, § 165.-Specimens from the Bottom-Microscopic examination of by Professor Bailey, § 166.-The greatest Depths at which Bottom had been found, § 167.
Height of Chimborazo above the bottom of the Sea, § 168.-The deepest Place in the Atlantic, § 169.-The Utility of Deep-sea Soundings, § 170.-A Microscopic Examination of them, § 171.-Brook's Deep-sea Lead presents the Sea in a new Light, § 172.-The Agents at work upon the Bottom of the Sea, § 173.-No running water there, § 174.-Is there any life there?-the biotic and antibiotic view, § 175.-How the Ocean is prevented from growing salter, § 176.-Knowledge of our Planet to be derived from the Bottom of the Sea, § 177.
An important discovery, § 178.-The difficulties of laying a Submarine Telegraph more in the cable than in the Sea, § 179.-The sub-Atlantic cable of 1857, § 180.-The Route for it, § 181.-The best Season for laying it, § 182.-The cable parts, § 183.-A Telegraph cable between Cuba and the United States, § 184.
The "Milky Way" in the Sea, § 185.-The hottest Months in the Sea, § 186.-A Line of invariable Temperature § 187.-How the western half of the Atlantic is heated up, § 188.-How the Cold water from Davis' Straits press upon the Gulf Stream, § 189.-How the different Isotherms travel from North to South with the Seasons, § 190.-The hottest water at Sea not at the surface, § 191.-Polar and Equatorial Drift, § 192.
Plate XIV, § 193.-The Polar Drift about Cape Horn, § 194.-How the Polar Waters in the South Atlantic force the Equatorial aside, § 195.-A Harbor for Icebergs, § 196.-Why Icebergs are not found in the North Pacific, § 197.-Drift of Warm Waters out of the Indian Ocean, § 198.-The opinion of Lieutenant Jansen, of the Dutch Navy, § 199.-A Current of Warm Water sixteen hundred miles wide, § 200.-The Pulse of the Sea, § 201.-The Circulation of the Sea like that of the Blood, § 202.-Number of Vessels engaged in the Fisheries of the Sea, § 203.-The Sperm Whale, § 204.-The Torrid Zone impassable to the Right Whale, § 205.
Insects of the Sea-how to capture, § 206.-Beautiful subject for study at Sea, § 207.-The Climates in the depths of the Ocean, with their Inhabitants, § 208.-D' Urville and Dana, § 209.-Objects of this Chapter, § 210.-Mrs. Toynbee's Letter, § 211.-Foster's Log, § 212.-Description of the Drawings, Plates XX to XXXIX, § 213.
Curves of Temperature and Specific Gravity, § 214.-Why these Observations on Specific Gravity are not corrected for temperature, § 215.-An anomaly, § 216.-A fact unmasked, § 217.-A paradox, § 218.-EXPERIMENTS ON THE THERMAL EXPANSION OF SEA WATER, § 219.-The water used, § 220.-The construction of the Instruments, § 221.-The first series of Experiments, § 222.-Maximum density of Sea Water, § 223.-Sea Water in Equatorial more expansible than Sea Water in Polar Seas, § 224.-What is Sea Water ? § 225.-Experiments on water from different parts of the Ocean, § 226.-THE THERMOMETERS GAUGED, AND THE RESULTING DILATATION OF SEA WATER, § 227.-Plate XVIII, § 228.-Experiments, § 229.-Table of Results, § 230.-Freezing points and points of Maximum Density, § 231.-Thermal Changes in the Specific Gravity of Sea Water, § 232.-Point of Minimum Density, § 233.-The Paradox (§ 218) explained, § 234.-A Thermal Tide, § 235.-The Isothermal floor of the Ocean, § 236.-Putting the North and South Atlantic Oceans in opposite scales of the Balance, § 237.-Specific Gravity of the North and South Pacific, § 238.-Suggestions of the Hydrometer, § 239.-Its uses, § 240.-Indicates the presence of open water in the Arctic Ocean, § 241.-The heaviest Water of the Sea, § 242.-Conclusions, § 243.-Subjects of Study suggested by Plates XVII and XVIII, § 244.
The Cyclone Theory, § 246.-All Winds blow in curved lines, § 247.-How to End the direction of the centre of a Cyclone, § 248.-The Espy Theory, § 249.-Why the Wind in a Cyclone need not always appear to turn according to the Theory, § 250.-Why the Wind on one side of a Cyclone blows harder than on the other, § 251.-Neither of the two Theories entirely correct, § 252.-A Miniature Cyclone, § 253.-Difficulty of reconciling with the Theory the observations made on board of a number of vessels in a Black Sea Storm of 1854, § 255.-The Hurricane Season, § 256.-Hurricanes in the East Indies, § Storm, § 254.-The 257.-Captain Toynbee's Hurricane, § 258.-Extra-tropical Gales, § 259.-Observations do not prove that Cyclones have the large diameter that have been assigned them, § 260.-The Theory Tested, § 261.-The Storm of the "Min," § 262.-An Illustration, § 263.
The Track Charts, page 281.-Trade-wind Chart, page 281.-The Pilot Charts, page 297.-The Thermal Charts, page 303.-The Storm and Rain Chart, page 317.-The Whale Chart, page 319.-A physical Chart of the Sea, page 327.
List of Delegates, page 330.-Minutes of Proceedings, page 331.-Order to Officers of the United States page 338.-Form of Log, page 339.-Explanation of Log, page 343.-Reply to Lieutenant Vaneéchout's Navy, enquiries, page 344.-Report of the Conference, page 348.-A good Barometer, page 351.-The Barometric Tide, page 352.-How to find the Error of a Barometer at Sea, page 353.-A universal system of Meteorological Co-operation and Research both by Land and Sea recommended, page 357.-How to adjust and use certain Nautical Instruments, page 360.-A blank Chart of Engraved Squares to show the daily range of the Barometer at Sea to be furnished to Navigators, page 367.-Adie's Barometer, of Kew, the best, page 375.-Account of the Transactions of the Royal Meteorological Institute of Holland, page 376.-Flags that are Co-operating in this System of Research, page 382.
Maury, M. F. (1858) Explanations and Sailing Directions, online version: http://www.colorado.edu/geography/giw/maury-mf/1858_esd/1858_esd_toc.html (accessed 28 April 28, 2004)